How To Use Social Media Content Marketing For SEO
4 Comments
Learning how to use social media content marketing for Search Engine Optimization (SEO) purposes can grow your business online. Your social media activity and SEO
Randyglassstudio
- 2351 East Glenoaks Boulevard
- Glendale
- California
- 08182313776
- Arts & Entertainment
0/5
Contact Info
- 2351 East Glenoaks Boulevard, Glendale, California, 91206, United States
Explore local dining, shopping, services, entertainment and more…
SPN - A Free Online Chamber Of Commerce
SPN is a free online chamber of commerces that bridges the cap between business and social media. We help with small business networking and local search results.
Businesses in the states and other countries can advertise here for free. Join this social media site for professionals and network with our members now!
Register here and list your business for FREE. Get business reviews to boost your visibilty and reputation.
Know about any good books?
We also like to find good books to read, so don’t hesitate to ask for book reviews. Share your favorite books with us, because good books can be hard to find.
Submit a business near you
Submit a listing to the logal business directory right now!
Create an account and list your business or a the details of a business you want more people to know about. It’s free to a business to our local business directory!
It’s also free to post a blog on SPN!
Grow Your Business – Get Reviews & Testimonials Now
1 Comment
A smart businessperson knows your best salesperson should never be working for their business. That is because your best sales pitch will always come from
Bowman Digital Media Helping Business Owners Reach Their Clients
2 Comments
We at Bowman Digital Media (BDM) are grateful for the opportunity to be a sponsor of Service Professionals Network as we believe in what they
Backlinks: What Are They & Why Do You Need Them?
2 Comments
Backlinks are key if you want to rank well in Google search results. If you’re wondering how Google search works and how to be seen
Here’s How Black Hat SEO Kills Your Online Business
4 Comments
You’re spending your days working 9 to 5, then suddenly it hits you – you can have your own business. You start brainstorming, researching the
How To Grow Your Business On Social Networking Sites
3 Comments
By Craig Wasilchak The world is changing more and more every day thanks to the internet and social networking sites. It wasn’t long ago that
SPN – Free Business Directory & Social Media Site
SPN is a free business network directory; thanks to our sponsors!
You can find cool stuff to buy online through our gift guides, or advertise with us to help support SPN too!
Please use and share our Amazon link to keep SPN going. Read our affiliate marketing disclosure. SPN is a fully reader-supported-website. Thank you for generosity, because it is how we provide so many free services to so many people.
SPN connects consumers and businesses
Join SPN to improve your online marketing results by listing your business in the local directory and networking with social media members. You should also share your updates and upcoming events in the social media newsfeed.
We can also help you find the best home improvement contractors near you. Check out our blog to find the best gift ideas and cool stuff to buy!
Find Cool stuff you might want to buy online here
Segway Ninebot KickScooter MAX Electric Scooter
Mike O'Connor
The Segway Ninebot KickScooter MAX Electric Scooter Previous Next The Segway Ninebot KickScooter MAX Electric Scooter is an investment. It’s also a super cool way to get around the local area. This scooter is fun for the whole family as long as the total weight is under 220lbs. The Segway Ninebot KickScooter MAX
Cool Camping Gear Accessories
George Vincent Willis
Looking for cool camping gear accessories for a vacation or night out in the yard can fun. It can also be challenging to think about everything you may need while camping. Therefore, I took on myself to gather some of the coolest camping gear online for you to find here. This collection ins’t just for campers and those leading an
Midwest Medicinal Plants: Identify, Harvest, and Use 109 Wild Herbs for Health and Wellness (Medicinal Plants Series)
Krisi Miller
Midwest Medicinal Plants: Identify, Harvest, and Use 109 Wild Herbs for Health and Wellness (Medicinal Plants Series) makes my list of good books to read . “This comprehensive, accessible, full-color guide includes plant profiles, step-by-step instructions for essential herbal remedies and seasonal foraging tips.” —Natural Awakenings Chicago Midwest Medicinal Plants: Identify, Harvest, and Use 109 Wild Herbs for Health and
Choker Sequins Necklace with Pendant
Mike O'Connor
CHECK IT OUT This Choker Sequins Necklace with Pendant is made a high-quality alloy and has color retention. It’s a simple fashion sequin necklace that also makes a great gift for women. The necklace has a length of 25.4 inches and weighs less than .25 ounces. It’s perfect for casual wearing or any other occasion so it’s a great gift
Trampoline Sprinkler
Mike O'Connor
CHECK IT OUT The Trampoline Sprinkler answers the lifelong question that I ask myself every summer: How can we make trampolines more dangerous? You know your kids are going to be entrepreneurs if they have their friends sign waivers and set up a camera for their YouTube channel. Biubee’s 49′ long trampoline sprinkler provides the answer so many of us
Indoor Flying Insect Plugin Trap Bug Zapper
George Vincent Willis
I love this Indoor Flying Insect Plugin Trap Bug Zapper because I hate finding bugs in my garage and basement. It comes with 10 refills so it will last a while. A 9W Night UV Light lures them in and they get stuck on the traps. Plug-in Flying Insect Trap for Flies, Fruit Flies, Gnats, Moths, and Other Flying Insects.
Jonathan Adler Rocket Decanter Whiskey
Dougie Giroux
The Jonathan Adler Rocket Decanter for whiskey is a great gift idea for the man-cave . Jonathan Adler 22960 Rocket Decanter – Whiskey Rocket Whiskey Decanter Elevate your bar with our retro-inspired black and 16-karat gold luster porcelain decanters. These decanters are embellished with bold suggestions for their contents, transforming even bottom-shelf liquor into an out-of-this-world experience. Equipped with hardworking
Myerchin Marlin Spike With Sheath
Mike O'Connor
This Myerchin’s Marlin Spike was made for people like me that like to tie knots so tight that you can’t untie them. This tool kind of looks like a letter opener and can possibly be used for self-defense, but it was actually made to untie knots without hassle. CHECK IT OUT Most sailors and survivalists will know what this maritime
Kitchen & Cooking Gift Ideas: Great Gifts For Cooks
Mike O'Connor
There are a lot of cooks and grilling masters in SPN, so we made this list of kitchen & cooking gifts. Read our affiliate marketing disclosure so you understand why we list some of our favorite products here. When people buy things through our gift guides, they’re help SPN provide all the free services that we do. Therefore, we hope
Gifts For Women: Get Great Gift Ideas For Women
Mike O'Connor
Finding gifts for women can be hard, so this guide is here to help you get gift ideas for women of all ages. You can submit gift ideas for women too by joining SPN. Shopping for your girlfriend, wife, mother, sister, daughter, co-worker or your BFF just got easier due to our gifts for women guide! SPN is reader supported, some
The Human Slingshot – Great Gift Idea For Teens
Mike O'Connor
Previous Next The Human Slingshot takes chest-bumping, rassling, and roughhousing with your friends to the next level. If you have friends or enemies Chest bumps, head butts, and sharp kicks to the shins unite! The Human Slingshot is here to bring new meaning to the lead-in, “Guess who I ran into the other day?” The human-sized stretchable
Work From Home Essentials
Mike O'Connor
If you are going to work from home, you need these work from home essentials to keep your productivity high. You will probably also want to keep your sanity. Some will say that working from home is a blessing. Having the ability to work from home is a blessing because you have more freedom. You don’t have to deal with
Crocs Unisex-Adult Classic Clogs
Candy
Crocs – Adult Classic Clogs Crocs Unisex-Adult Classic Clogs are super famous and successful because they’re awesome. Whether you’re hanging with friends or hitting the town, rock your style effortlessly with Crocs – because comfort never goes out of fashion. For best results, keep your Crocs out of direct heat and intense sunlight. This includes dishwashers, washing machines, and hot
Pokemon Snorlax Bean Bag Chair
Mike O'Connor
The Pokemon Snorlax Bean Bag Chair is a comfortable bean bag in the form of the famous Pokémon character, Snorlax. This bean bag chair makes our great gifts for kids list and it is also comfy furniture for the play room. Buy the Snorlax Bean Bag Chair on Amazon. Use our affiliate links to help SPN provide our free services.
Vector Mini Personal Robot – Innovation Technology
Mike O'Connor
The Vector Mini Personal Robot is the perfect gift for geeks you really care about! It will provide your nerdy friend a companion that can hang out and help out! The nerd will love it because the Vector robot is powered by AI and advanced robotics! It’s also small enough for you to be
Ring Video Doorbell
Craig Wasilchak
Check out the famous Ring Video Doorbell on Amazon through our affiliate shopping links to help us provide our free services. Join SPN to network and market your products. Ring Video Doorbell See who’s there at the door with the Ring Video Doorbell! It’s nice being able to see, hear, and speak with anyone at your door at anytime no
Kibosh Emergency Pipe Repair Tool
Patrick O'Connor
The Kibosh Emergency Pipe Repair Tool is great tool to have around any home or office. This tool can save you a lot of money and hassle by stopping a leak. I’m not a plumber, but I do own 2nd Chance Water Restoration, so I share this tip because I know it’s a wise investment. Many places could have prevented
Why I Must Have Sex with You Checklist
Mike O'Connor
The Why I Must Have Sex with You Checklist Note Pad is a clear choice for gifts for women blog. It’s so clearly not something men would need or want around. I’m also pretty sure it’s going to offend someone with the political correctness of today. However, I find it funny so I had to add it to the SPN
YETI LoadOut Fishing & Utility Bucket
Mike O'Connor
Check out the YETI loadout 5-gallon, impact-resistant, fishing abd utility bucket! The YETI ultra-durable LoadOut bucket is designed for lugging, loading, hauling, and baling, so it easily makes our list of top fishing gifts! SPN is reader supported, some products displayed may earn us a commission. Learn more. YETI Loadout 5-Gallon Bucket, Impact Resistant Fishing/Utility Bucket, Charcoal. Use our Amazon affiliate link
Transparent Inflatable Pool
Mike O'Connor
This Transparent Inflatable Pool comes with two sets of googles so it’s a great pool for kids. It’s easy to set up and provides hours of funs for kids and adults. I am pretty happy about Spring and Summer coming up, so I know the kids are happy. Perhaps the kids aren’t as happy as beer lovers that think about
Blink Outdoor HD Security Camera
Dougie Giroux
Check out the Blink Outdoor HD Security Camera through our affiliate shopping links to help us provide our free services. Join SPN to network and market your products. Blink Outdoor (3rd Gen) – wireless, weather-resistant HD security camera, two-year battery life, motion detection, set up in minutes – 3 camera system Blink Outdoor HD Security Camera Do you worry about
DIY Ice Mold Wine Bottle Chiller
Krisi Miller
This DIY Ice Mold Wine Bottle Chiller makes a great gift for moms or any other special lady in your life. It’s also makes the list of great going away gift ideas because it’s fun and people can use it to celebrate any occassion. Ice Bucket Mold,Wine Bottle Chiller,Champagne Bucket Ice Mold,DIY Ice Bucket for Your Champagne and Various Liquor
Callaway 300 Pro Laser Rangefinder Golf
Mike O'Connor
Check out the Callaway 300 Pro Laser Rangefinder to up your golf game. This laser golf range finder makes a great gift idea for golfers! Callaway 300 Pro Laser Rangefinder, Slope Measurement Golf Laser Range Finder Enjoy a fantastic day on the golf course with this laser golf range finder by your side. This compact device accurately measures slope with
From Crook to Cook – Snoop Dogg Cookbook
Mike O'Connor
From Crook to Cook: Platinum Recipes from Tha Boss Dogg’s Kitchen Snoop Dogg’s Cookbook: From Crook to Cook Craving a cookbook with a splash of personality? Look no further than Snoop Dogg’s From Crook to Cook: Platinum Recipes from Tha Boss Dogg’s Kitchen . This recipe book that delivers 50 recipes straight from Snoop’s own collection. Snoop’s cookbook features OG
World’s Strongest Coffee – Death Wish Organic USDA Certified Whole Bean Coffee
Mike O'Connor
Death Wish Organic Coffee CHECK IT OUT https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV0WKHGO8IA The World’s Strongest Coffee is Death Wish Organic USDA Certified Whole Bean Coffee, 16 oz. I like it and I also know many other SPN members will back me up on this. The government can end the war on hardcore drugs because this coffee will give you all the buzz you need
I Love My Amazon Fire TV Stick
Craig Wasilchak
I love my Amazon Fire TV Stick , so I know it makes great gift ideas for dads and gifts for older men everywhere. You can take your Amazon Fire Stick anywhere. SPN is reader supported, some products displayed may earn us a commission. Learn more . Amazon Fire TV Stick (newest model) HD, sharp picture quality, fast streaming, free
Monopoly World Edition – Family Board Game
Mike O'Connor
CHECK THIS OUT The Monopoly World Edition by Charles Fazzino is like the classic board game with eye-popping 3D artwork that gives you a chance to own some of the world’s most famous cities. Own cities like Jerusalem, New York, Rio, Dubai, Paris, and London. This makes our list of best gifts for kids!
Veradek Outdoor Cooler Side Table
Krisi Miller
The Veradek Outdoor Cooler Side Table is a great gift idea for the man-cave and a great addition to any outdoor get together. It’s perfect for the pool or patio. SPN is reader-supported, and some products displayed may earn us a commission. Learn more . Veradek Outdoor Cooler Side Table – 2 in 1, Black, 21 inch Veradek Outdoor Cooler
Helm True Wireless Headphones – Great Gift Ideas
Mike O'Connor
Previous Next Helm True Wireless Headphones are small sleek. They also offer exceptional HiFi sound quality, incredible bass, and superb definition. You’ll be able to hear every note clearly and comfortably. The earbuds resemble the eyes of a fly and the tech behind this wireless music device is just as cool. These earbuds were made with music-loving athletes in mind,
Vintage USA American Flag Cowboy Hat
Deb Mattison
This Vintage USA American Flag Cowboy Hat is a good way to show pride in the USA. Western cowgirl or cowboy hat is also great for the 4th of July. USA flag Hat. It makes the great gifts for men list. The hat also makes the list for great gifts for beer drinkers . SPN is reader supported, some products
Things I Need To Write Down
Craig Wasilchak
Things I Need To Write Down Because I’m Old And I Forget Stuff is a geat book slash gag gift for older people. It’s a great gift idea for friends and family. You know it makes my list of gifts for older men . SPN is reader-supported, and some products displayed may earn us a commission. Learn more . hings
Star Wars Adult Onesies
John O'Connor
These Star Wars Adult Onesies are cool clothing and great Star Wars stuff! Embrace the Force as your favorite Star Wars character with cozy onesie pajamas. Make sure to also join our Star Wars Group! Star Wars Adult Onesies Heading to bed will become the highlight of your day as soon as you slip into one of these Star Wars
The Willy Exerciser – Gifts For Men
Mike O'Connor
The Willy Exerciser…buy it on Amazon! CHECK IT OUT The Willy Exerciser is a great gag gift for any guy going over the hill. Make sure the guy in your life knows you care about the health of his willy. If he loves you then he will put in the work to make it work when you need it. The
Roblox Digital Gift Code for 2,700 Robux
John O'Connor
Roblox Digital Gift Code for 2,700 Robux joins the great gift ideas for gamers list. Roblox gamers will appreciate Robux because they can do more in the game. Roblox is a popular online game platform and creation system that uses Lua coding. It allows users of all ages to design and play millions of games across various genres. Robux helps
Gorilla Bow Portable Home Gym – Great Gift Idea
Mike O'Connor
The Gorilla Bow Portable Home Gym provides a great workout due to the muscle-building resistance bands. The Gorilla Bow has an adjustable-weight system so it’s great for any fitness level. This piece of exercise equipment is perfect for any archer in training, but it’s also great for anyone looking for a complete workout. You can use the Gorilla Bow to
100 Cars That Changed the World
George Vincent Willis
Check out the book, 100 Cars That Changed the World: The Designs, Engines, and Technologies That Drive Our Imaginations. This book makes my list of great gifts for men or women that likes cars. SPN is reader supported, some products displayed may earn us a commission. Learn more. 100 Cars That Changed the World: The Designs, Engines, and Technologies That Drive Our
Honeymoon In Baghdad By Heidi Radkiewicz – Book Review
Mike O'Connor
Honeymoon in Baghdad By Heidi Radkiewicz Mike O’Connor‘s review of Honeymoon in Baghdad: I first met Jake Radkiewicz when he moved to our little middle school in Villa Park. We became fast friends, but we like a lot of young friends drifted apart in high school and beyond. I always knew that Jake was an exceptional human being so it
Shadow Fighter – Can You Be Faster Than Your Shadow Age
Mike O'Connor
The Shadow Fighter Game from Fotorama makes our list of best gifts for kids! I was going to put it in the gifts for athletes guide, because I got a great work out playing with one. However, I realized that I’m really just out of shape so I didn’t want to embarrass myself more. This is a great gift idea for
Social Selling: Techniques to Influence Buyers and Changemakers
Mike O'Connor
Get a copy of Social Selling: Techniques to Influence Buyers and Changemakers on Amazon. Make sure to also read our affiliate marketing disclosure. In seems like forever since I read the first edition of Social Selling and did the book review that led to me tagging Timothy Hughes on Twitter . I read the first social selling book as well
Trailer Hitch Hammock Chairs
Dougie Giroux
Hammaka Trailer Hitch Stand and 2 Black Chairs Combo – Wood Dowels. Buy it on Amazon now! Trailer Hitch Hammock Chairs Every road warrior has seen a spot where they just wanted to park and take it all in. These trailer hitch hammock chairs make it possible to relax anywhere in a matter of seconds. Attach the trailer hitch hammock
Add-A-Lock Portable Door Lock
George Vincent Willis
Check out this Add-A-Lock Portable Door Lock through our affiliate shopping links to help us provide our free services. Join SPN to network and market your products. See why this portable door lock makes our list of office goodies and best car accessories! Addalock the Original Portable Door Lock by Rishon Enterprises Inc Add-A-Lock Portable Door Lock The Add-A-Lock offers more than just a
Mattel Classic Football Handheld
Mike O'Connor
Get the Mattel Classic Football Handheld for the gamers in your life. This Mattel Classic Football Handheld is a perfect gift for gamers that like the classics. The Mattel football was originally produced in 1978, this is the re-make version of the classic game! This gaming classic was around before Madden and it even predates Temco Football too. I would
10 Pumps & Plumbing Things Every Homeowner Should Have
Dougie Giroux
I want to share some info on pumps and plumbing equipment every homeowner should have. Now, I’m not a plumber, and I recommend you find local plumbers to solve any plumbing issues you may have. However, I also live in the real world, and every home owner should keep some plumbing equipment around the house. Some of these items will
3D Wood Tetris Puzzle – Best Gifts For Kids
Mike O'Connor
CHECK IT OUT The 3D Wood Tetris Puzzle makes our list of best gifts for kids because it’s awesome all the way around! This game is fun and it helps kids or adults build all sorts of skills. The game presents a challenge for the smartest amongst us so it will help kids develop some serious skills. Kids and adults
Remote Control Crocodile Head
Mike O'Connor
CHECK IT OUT This remote control crocodile head makes our list of great gifts for teens dues to obvious prank-driven reasons. However, this thing also has a practical use for anyone with a pond or pool that they want to protect. This remote control crocodile head is fun to play with for anyone. You can play with it in your pond,
Pack Pal Tinder Maker with Fire Starter
Mike O'Connor
The Pack Pal Tinder Maker with Fire Starter makes our list of the best camping gear. This might even be my one item if I were to try that Naked and Afraid tv show. Anyone that knows anything about being in the outdoors knows it’s very important to be able to start a fire. The last thing you want is
Electric Tire Pressure Gauge
George Vincent Willis
Electric Tire Pressure Gauge It’s 2023, there’s no need for you to be using the same tire electric pressure gauge dad did when he first showed you how to take the number. This electric tire pressure gauge gives you an accurate read of PSI in just one try and thanks to its built-in flashlight, is easy to use at night.
Star Wars Death Star Cutting Board
Mike O'Connor
Previous Next CHECK IT OUT This Star Wars Death Star Cutting Board is a must-have for anyone that loves cooking and Star Wars. The Death Star is known as galactic Super-weapon and now it can help you slay in the kitchen too! It’s made out of hardened-glass so it can protect your counters safely. The hardened-glass part is also pretty space-age
Segway-Ninebot Roller Skates – Great Gift Ideas For Teens
Mike O'Connor
Segway-Ninebot skates are trendy now, so we are going share some details and reviews here. Let us know what you think in the comments. Segway Drift W1 e Roller Skates make our list of great gifts for teens. These self-balancing skates are also a great gift idea for women or men of all ages. Kids of all ages will love these things,
Unf*ck Yourself By Gary John Bishop – Motivational Book Review
Mike O'Connor
Unfu*k Yourself: Get Out of Your Head and into Your Life Hardcover – August 1, 2017 by #0000ff;” href=”https://amzn.to/2C2SRLL” data-asin=”B01M9F5EEN”>Gary John Bishop (Author) SPN Book Reviews #0000ff;” href=”https://amzn.to/2MFQUtl”>Jake Melton’s review: As a frequent self-help reader and author, the books I enjoy the most are those that tell it to me as it is. I am reading with the intention to
CASSILANDO Hollywood Vanity Mirror
Mike O'Connor
I got the CASSILANDO Hollywood Vanity Mirror for my niece’s 12th birthday and she loves it. Therefore, I’m putting this vanity mirror right on the gift for teens guide. The Cassilando Hollywood vanity mirror can also make our lift of great gift ideas for women . It has some really bright lights to say the least. I could see the
Moccamaster KBGV Select Coffee Maker
Krisi Miller
The Moccamaster KBGV Select Coffee Maker is a great gift idea for coffee lovers , because it sets the bench-mark for perfect at home brewing. SPN is reader supported, some products displayed may earn us a commission. Learn more . Moccamaster 53944 KBGV Select 10-Cup Coffee Maker, Candy Apple Red, 40 ounce, 1.25l Moccamaster KBGV Select Coffee Maker The Moccamaster KBGV
Star Wars Sunshade – Great Gift Idea For Fans
Mike O'Connor
The Star Wars Sunshade will not help you make the Kessel Run in less than 12 parsecs. However, it is also a sunshade that Star Wars fans should like. It will not last forever in the most tropical of locations, but it does its job. Fans of Hans Solo and the Original Star Wars will love
Finger Weights for Musicians, Athletes & Gamers
Mike O'Connor
They say these Finger Weights will help you increase power, speed, control, reaction time, endurance, and finesse in your fingers. They also say they’re great for musicians, athletes, and gamers. CHECK IT OUT I think everyone knows there isn’t going to be any gain without the pain here. My fingers hurt just thinking about using those things. However, I’m sure
SKLZ Gold Flex Golf Training Aid
Mike O'Connor
Previous Next CHECK IT OUT The SKLZ Gold Flex Golf Training Aid is a great tool for improving your game. It’s also a great way to build your core muscles. This golf training aid will help with your strength and flexibility. The 2.5lb weighted head and extra-flex shaft do more than simulate the natural feel of lag and driving a golfball.
Quikflip 2-in-1 Reversible Backpack Hoodie
Mike O'Connor
Yes, this is that Quikflip 2-in-1 Reversible Backpack Hoodie! Check out the TIME MAGAZINE “BEST INVENTIONS OF 2019” – As Seen on Shark Tank! It should not be a surprise that it also make our cool clothing list too! This reversible hoodie is a great gift for teens or anyone that leads an active life. Athletes & fitness nuts will
Athletic Hiking Water Shoes
Kelly
These XIHALOOK Water Shoes are great and they make a great gifts for shoe lovers and fitness nuts like me. Anyone that knows me knows that I am all about shoes and being active. I’m on my feet all the time, so I take my shoes very seriously. I absolutely love running often the beaten trail out here in the
Images You Should Not Masturbate To
Mike O'Connor
I don’t have any kids, but I have a lot of nieces and nephews that are growing up, so I got a few copies of “Images You Should Not Masturbate To.” Hey, I am already known as “Uncle Creepy” and I want to help them avoid embarrassing situations. Trust me, some of those memories will stick with you forever. On
California Home Landscaping, 3rd Edition (Creative Homeowner)
Craig Wasilchak
Check out California Home Landscaping on Amazon ! Find inspiring ideas to make your Californian home landscape more attractive and functional! It makes my list of great books to read ! California Home Landscaping, 3rd Edition (Creative Homeowner) 400 Color Photos and Illustrations, More Than 200 Plants Best Suited to the Region, and 48 Outdoor Designs for CA California Home
Trejo’s Tacos: Recipes and Stories from L.A. Cookbook
Krisi Miller
Trejo’s Tacos: Recipes and Stories from L.A.: A Cookbook is a success because Danny Trejo , actor, shares 75 recipes for his famous tacos, donuts, and more. Trejo’s Tacos has five locations in California. SPN is reader supported, some products displayed may earn us a commission. Learn more . Trejo’s Tacos: Recipes and Stories from L.A.: (Cookbook) Long before he